India’s Silicon Plateau                                                                                              

“Infosys is synonymous with creating India’s Silicon Plateau,” said Sonia Gandhi on the occasion of the inauguration of Infosys Technologies’ second Global Education Centre at the Mysore Campus founded by Narayana Murthy. This was about a month ago, on Tuesday 15 September 2009. The Hindu’s Business Line reports: “The launch of the second unit of the Global Education Centre or GEC-II would enable Infosys train 14,000 new employees at a time. The company calls it the largest corporate training facility in the world. The GEC-I, with a capacity of 4,500, was set up in early 2005. Built in the Graeco-Roman style, the GEC-II is, according to the Infosys Chief Mentor, Narayana Murthy, the largest monolithic classical style building in post-Independent India. Infosys has invested Rs 355 crore in GEC-II, which has a built-up area of over a million sq ft where the company can train 9,500 employees at a given time.”

 

It is a convincing demonstration of what Indian talent can accomplish in the modern world, not only in the modern world but in creating the modern world itself. Apart from commerce and economics and wealth-generation, the significant achievement is to be measured in terms of the subtle changes that are coming in the social organizations themselves. Such a transformational process is slow but also has the strength of impacting the very future of the country, and possibly to some extent the wide world around. It is rightly said that Infosys, Wipro and Tata Consultancy Services and many IT companies have changed the lives of millions of Indians and propelled the Indian economy to record-breaking growth. But this might also give rise to introspective questions, as to why this has happened only in the field of Information Technology and not in other industries which have in fact decades of standing, and will this leadership be sustained in the future that could be harsh and competitive. The rest of the world is not going to sleep, and it would definitely strive to snatch away this IT-pot from our hands. Is it also not true that IT success is quite dependent mainly upon the American markets that it is at present catering to? There is therefore present the politico-economic vulnerability factor too. Outsourcing, for instance, is one such area of concern.

 

Rigours of the competitive world

The question about other industries is still more pertinent, more complex, more difficult also. If we have to get rid of the tag of ‘developing economy’, our concern should be to focus attention on them. We may be able to produce cars in India, but these cars come with Japanese surnames; not even one indigenous design is there which could stand up to the rigours of the competitive world. And then the paradox is, there has not been the meshing together of the Auto and the IT in designing and producing the modern cars for international export. And the story is more or less the same everywhere. Will we be able to set up our own aircraft industry although we are pretty successful in designing and launching satellites? The dream of producing an alternative to Airbus in India will continue to languish in spite of the state sponsored Aeronautics that came at the dawn of the Independence. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a greatly organized sector with about 9% annual growth rate with a very high ranking in the third world. But till recent times much of it came from companies having their head offices in foreign countries. While about 70% of the demand is met by the pharmaceutical industry in India a larger quantity of important drugs has yet to be imported. Its products account for 8 percent of the global pharmaceutical sales and India is the fifth largest producer of bulk medicines in the world. Thanks to World Trade Organisation, focus of the industry shifted from process improvisation to drug discovery, and research and development. However, balance of trade in international transactions needs to be improved considerably. It is said that the industry is well set to take on the international market, though it is still a long way to go as far as exporting drugs to advanced countries is concerned. It is so in every heavy industry.

 

Let us read what Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., one of the world's leading heavy machinery manufacturer headquartered in Tokyo-Japan, has to say about its enterprise in India. Incorporated a wholly owned subsidiary in India it is “to address the rapidly growing Indian market. In India, business opportunities are rapidly expanding in tandem with new economic policies promoting deregulation, an open economy and Free Trade Agreements. Industrial growth is active across a wide spectrum, from large-scale systems and equipments for Power Plants and Chemical Plants to industrial products such as Air-Conditioning Systems, Printing Presses, Industrial Machinery and Machine Tools. In response to these dynamic changes, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries India Private Ltd, has been incorporated not merely as a sales base but as a comprehensive Regional base encompassing operations including procurement and production.”

 

So, the main purpose of Mitsubishi is “to address the rapidly growing Indian market”. Is that the intention behind industrialization, of just creating and promoting local consumer market? Should there not be the perspective of international participation if it has to have any deeper and long-standing business status, footing, eminence? That should be the first consideration. But there has to be the constant consideration of aggressive entrepreneurship, of assertive even uncompromising business leadership by innovative and creative initiatives, amounting to higher social fulflment. Inviting multinationals may be a better version of industrialization and economic growth than setting up Public Sector Undertakings in collaboration with foreign countries, as was done during the Nehru era. The story of disinvestment is itself a sad commentary on those things, and precautions are necessary that the same is not repeated in another form,—because it still has the mark or stigma of a ‘developing economy’ trying to shore up immediate issues rather than striking roots in a firmer soil. The test one has to apply is the acceptance of Indian goods by the industrially advanced countries.

 

The test for the Developing Economy

How does one measure up to that? We don’t suffer exactly with mediocrity, but for one reason or the other quality is not showing up in our occupations. More than quality is the spirit of science-and-technology-based industry that can be futuristic, it determining its own growth, expansion, its own realms of trade and commerce. Our big industries are small in the eyes of the world. Our pharmaceuticals are not on forefront in the true professional reckoning, although we are one of the big producers of drugs and biotech products. In comparison with the largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, where do we stand in terms of market revenue and sales in the world? Nowhere in the first twenty, dominated by US, UK, France, Switzerland, Germany, Japan. Our students are very good in the middle ranks but very few are there occupying the first row in the class, our sportsmen are ‘also ran’, our games have players but there are no teams to win matches; our thinkers and men of literature and scientists never come to the world class, though they do very well when they live in foreign lands, our movies do not make to the Oscar grade. We are looking for these qualities coming up from the Indian soil, rising from the Indian milieu, and the picture is not very satisfying. We celebrate Venkatraman Ramakrishnan getting a Nobel Prize, and there is every reason to be happy about it; but it is an American Nobel Prize, he doing research in the US. There were similar examples earlier also.

 

The persuasion is, the Indian system should be in a position to produce these greatnesses, they coming from its rich and nourishing healthy womb. Until that happens there is not much room for self-applause, self-appreciation, self-satisfaction. We are struggling to live in the world, and not living to make the world. If the Indian genius has to flower up, not abroad but in India, then it can happen only when India brings out her native system, a system born of her authentic soul. This has to be particularly so not only in the highly competitive world in which we live today, but also in the realization, in the accomplishment of what is expected from each soul type.

 

This also means that we must open out our systems systematically, open out in all the walks of life, in all the small or big competitive fields, not only industry and commerce but also education, even games and cultural occupations, because our movies for instance do not come to international standards. The law of the survival of the fittest has a certain merit and must not be ignored at this stage of social organization and development. Jobs must be offered in India to experts wherever from they can come, Indian or foreign; make these attractive to them. Inbreeding leads to stagnation and causes more damage than apparent employment of the locals. Answerability and results should govern all our disciplines. Social face in planning is a fallacious argument and is professionally unsound. All this must change.

 

The issue is of a different kind

Fundamentally, the concern is deeper. Let us take again pharmaceutical industry as an example and compare it not traditional but with the ancient Indian approach towards health management. The example becomes more pertinent when Sam Pitroda suggests that we should not follow the American model where things seem to become self-defeating. We want fast cars and super-ways, but the very volume of traffic makes it go slow. Health care has become powerful, but exorbitant in terms of cost. Establishing modern drug industries is certainly desirable, it providing health support to the suffering masses. But its side effects can be harmful, even disastrous.

 

Following is the PTI report from New Delhi dated 8 October 2009 of what Sam Pitroda, the chief of National Knowledge Commission said. According to him the Indian health system is going the "highly unaffordable American way" and he suggested going back to roots to provide cheap healthcare benefits to those at the bottom of the social pyramid. "India needs to find a new health model; we are drifting towards an increasingly expensive US model. The way we are heading, we will not be able to meet the healthcare needs of the poor," he said at a Confederation of Indian Industry conference. He also lamented that there is "very little original" medical research going on in the country. "There should be new ways of looking at things, in skill development, sustainability and new paradigm."

 

And what does the Confederation of Indian Industry, India's premier business association, say about itself? It works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through advisory and consultative processes. It aims at India's transformation into an economically vital, technologically innovative, socially and ethically vibrant global leader by year 2022. More specifically, the Mission on Knowledge and Skills looks to "Promote a Sustainable Framework that would assist Industry across sectors in developing Knowledge and Skills abilities in its Workforce to International standards." Also the Mission on Sustainable Growth “proposes to promote and champion sustainable growth in Indian Industry, without compromising on high and accelerated Growth." The test for all these brave words lies in international competition. The hope of leadership by 2022 should be an extrapolation based on present data rather than a statement which sounds somewhat wishful. The point is how to avoid smugness, particularly when there are available strong and unmistakable indices also.

 

The fall of Indian currency in the international world of finance is a good index of the sorry state of affairs. The value of the rupee has tumbled from 39 per dollar in January 2008 to 49 per dollar in October 2008. The Business Line dated 9 October 2009 has the following: “The rupee closed marginally lower in a range-bound market as importers bought dollars. The rupee opened at 46.32 and closed at 46.40 against the previous close of 46.33. During the day it touched a low of 46.65. On Thursday, it touched a high of 46.22. According to a forex dealer with a public sector bank, importers bought dollars as these levels seemed attractive. But as risk averse exporters covered their receivables by selling dollars, the rupee recovered from its day's low. In the overseas market, the dollar strengthened marginally against other major currencies, but it was only consolidating after a huge sell-off in the last two days, the dealer said. In the forward premia market, the six-month closed at 3.22 per cent (3.11 per cent) and the one-year closed at 3.23 per cent (3.3 per cent). Next week the rupee could see 47.20 and 46.10, the dealer said. If the rupee appreciates any further the Reserve Bank of India may intervene, as the exporter community has been hit, he added.” There are international pressures of all kinds and our system must be robust enough to bear them all and be internationally assertive. That might be a long way to go, but there has to be preparation and pragmatism towards it.

 

In the context of health, we have the World Health Organization report stating that 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water and breathing in polluted air. Half of children in India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly same as Sub-Saharan Africa. India contributes to about 5.6 million child deaths every year, more than half the world's total. “The majority of the Indian population is unable to access high quality healthcare provided by private players as a result of high costs. Many are now looking towards insurance companies for providing alternative financing options so that they too may seek better quality healthcare. The opportunity remains huge for insurance providers entering into the Indian healthcare market since 75% of expenditure on healthcare in India is still being met by ‘out-of-pocket’ consumers. Even though only 10% of the Indian population today has health insurance coverage, this industry is expected to face tremendous growth over the next few years as a result of several private players that have entered into the market. Health insurance coverage among urban, middle- and upper-class Indians, however, is significantly higher and stands at approximately 50%.”

 

Exploring the possible alternatives

But with an element of regret it must be mentioned that our institutional setup has no inclination to look into possible alternatives. It is driven by the Western success and believes that it must be the defining mode for us also, not only its brand of democracy but also its science and technology and commerce. Nothing succeeds like success, and that is a sufficient reason to follow it. We might recognize it but to get dazzled by it is to abdicate our own sense of independence in conceiving and shaping our own priorities. As an alternative to the allopathic treatment, for instance, it might be worthwhile to explore the Indian Ayurvedic system. A new spirit may have to be breathed into it and new formulations worked out, new syntheses also. It has to be a growing freshness assimilating the gains of every pursuit of knowledge.

 

The Ayurveda—the Science of Life—starts with the belief that there is an intimate relationship between the individual and the universe, a harmony that can become the basis of good health and good life. Let us read from an article published in Current Science Vol. 96 May 2009. “The constituent elements of the universe and those of the smaller universe within the human body are identical and their response to varied stimuli is also identical. The universe as macrocosm and the human body as microcosm were always a dominant theme in Ayurveda, which regarded man as a part of all that exists and the human body as a cosmic resonator. The universe is known to us through our five senses which have specific objects of perception, such as what the eye sees, ear hears, tongue tastes, and so on. The elements perceived by the five senses and their derivatives (pancabhūtas) constitute the universe for Ayurveda, which has little to say on a supra-sensory universe. The tissues of the body, no less than food and medications, are composed of the five elements and their derivatives. It is this identity of composition which underlies the central principle of Ayurvedic therapeutics that mandates the choice of food and drugs from without for producing effects within the body. It was believed that this principle could hardly operate in the absence of identity between the substances in the external world and the smaller world within. Ayurveda recognized the identity of man and the cosmos as a central reality and upheld the dynamic equilibrium among the constituents of the universe—living and nonliving—as the necessary condition of existence. The equilibrium was credited with in-built mechanisms to withstand shocks and restore itself, which could be glimpsed in the spontaneous recovery of function from dysfunction in many a diseased state (svabhāvoparama). The role of Ayurveda was no more than to assist the process of recovery and maintain good health by safeguarding the state of equilibrium. While Ayurveda had ample tools and remedies in its vast storehouse, it enjoined virtuous conduct as the sovereign prophylactic against maladies and the unfailing guarantor of well-being. This was brought out in full measure by Vāgbhata through numerous verses in the Aştāngahŗdaya. Consider the following: ‘All creatures seek happiness in whatever they do: but happiness cannot be had without righteous conduct. Therefore righteous conduct is obligatory for all’. On the attitude to fellow-beings: ‘One should always regard even mites and ants as no different from oneself’. Towards a foe: ‘One should be of service to him who may be intent on doing harm’. In adopting the middle path: ‘Neither torment nor pamper sense organs’. In the quest for knowledge: ‘The whole world is a teacher for the wise in all he does; therefore, a man of action in the world’s theatre should emulate its example’. On virtuous conduct in general: ‘Compassion for living creatures; charity; tamed body, speech and mind; regarding others as one’s own’. ‘Nights and days roll on; one who ever reflects “how have I spent my nights and days” would never grieve’. ‘Giving up imprudent conduct; restraining the activities of senses; remembering one’s role in his noble calling; and cherishing the knowledge of habitat, time and soul, a physician should follow the path trodden by men of virtue’. ‘One who enjoys wholesome food and activity everyday; who introspects on his actions; who is unattached; who is generous; who looks on all with an equal eye; who is truthful and forgiving; who delights in the service of virtuous men; he remains free from illness’. How to live a virtuous life was a golden thread which ran through, and bound together, the varied themes of Ayurveda. Ayurveda prized knowledge and skill highly, but rated compassion and virtuous conduct even higher in a physician’s scale of priorities. Therein lies the key to its unbroken practice for 25 centuries and its resurgence in our times.”

 

Back in those days, 25 centuries ago and even more going back to the Vedic days, there were no mega pharmaceutical laboratories with mega budgets doing mega business. But there was a deeper understanding of man and nature when food was considered as a medicine not in the sense of curing illnesses but in the sense of proper health. Herbs were called auşadhi as life elements supporting and nourishing human body. Indian cuisine was based on these principles and food was taken in terms of universal harmony. The Vedic prayer has the invocation for peace in plants and herbs, because it is that peace which also enters into our physical being. Health was thus automatic, built into the vision and the working of the system. But now we are caught in the world of fast food, with highway restaurants having signs ‘eat and run’. We are caught in a world of artificial rather processed globalization. This will not do, will not do to anybody which may be easier for the Indian mind to understand.

 

Capitalism and its foster-cousin Globalisation

However, this modern globalisation is essentially a globalisation in terms of economics, commerce, industry and political dynamics; but there are basic social, religious, philosophical, scientific, cultural or idealistic aspects which often get sidelined in the respective discussions. The question of humanity in its proper sense, of harmonious life of happiness as expressed by the mystics, sages, rishis, prophets, enlightened thinkers is hardly raised and much less seen in its deeper or far-reaching implications. Globalisation today is driven by a strong motive force, the Capitalist’s Force, of the aggressive Vaishya, the Merchant and the Trader acting as mankind’s leader. But even in that respect it does not have its true or authentic content offered to the larger collectivity, offered in the enduring values of the spirit. It is a mechanistic or, to use the current idiom, a digital phenomenon. The identity of man with things material is complete in it, and the appreciation of the wonder that living reality in its thousand moods is, and the recognition of the all-pervasive beauty in nature, or the sweep of cosmic thought, the subtlety of creative perception and expression have to be a part of the global perception—these do not come in its arithmetic. There have to be different families and nations, there have to be different races, different languages, different arts, and even in the same kind of art different expressions, different games, different sports activities, different recreations. Yet there can be behind them a kind of genuine underlying globality in all our occupations. This world is not just a shrunken global village, desolate and shivering in the cold of the spirit; it is one rich Family of God, vāsudhaiva kutumbakam, as says the ancient scripture. In it each member of the family has his own unique soul, his own inalienable individuality and it is that which is valued most in the progress of both. In the all-inclusive collective life is provided the scope for one’s own uninterrupted growth which, in turn, helps to grow itself, symbiotically helping each other. That is what true Globalisation should mean. Are we nearer to it? nowhere, in socio-psychological terms.

 

A noteworthy difference

There is a noteworthy difference between the past historical events or revolutions such as French Revolution, American Revolution, the October Revolution, the Revolutionary World War Two and the present revolution we are witnessing, Globalisation. This is a revolution that has been brought to us by science-technology-industry-commerce-economics and is therefore predominantly materialistic in character in contrast to the psychological or human factors that governed or shaped the earlier ones. The failure of Communism of seventy years and the receding of the Cold War have propelled the engines of Capitalism whose cherished in fact indispensable cousin is Globalisation. One of the finest things it has given to us is the Internet and if Capitalism was meant for gifting it to us then it cannot be faulted. It is even said that “globalisation is a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society, functioning together. It is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces.” If the argument is carried a little farther, it would amount to the abolition of the individuality of the individuals, and the nationality of the nations. It would be a society with a distinct brand whose members would look all alike, members identified with bar codes. It would be the same processed food served in all the parts of the world, would be the same set of clothes marked ‘small’, ‘medium’, ‘large’. That itself sounds alarming. There will be no human souls but all animated characters. Is this what India would like to participate in? The idea behind sowing the seeds of globalisation in India a little more than two decades ago sprang up from the need of foreign investment and the use of advanced technology to promote exports. This has certainly brought to the country a certain kind of economic prosperity but it has also brought imbalances and distortions. Today we have many Indias in one India which is a paradox itself, created by Globalisation. Earth is not flat and should not become flat.

 

One result of this Globalisation is the outsourcing which has produced a large chunk of Indian ‘cyber-coolies’. This may appear a harsh indictment to the money-bringer, but it is pretty realistic. The artificial if not snobbish traits of modernity they wear are, to say the least, disappointing. A degree of affluence, however, has made them in many ways less significant. Not much is different elsewhere. In the three decades since the country’s “opening up”, prosperity has come to urban China, but so has a widening income gap between urban and rural areas. The per capita income of an urban resident is now 3.3 times that of a rural one, the biggest gap in the country’s history. But one tends to forget the fact that rural Chinese make up more than half of the country’s 1.3 billion population. The question therefore to be asked is: what has been the real indigenous contribution to the industrial activity of the country? If it is simply providing a cheap manufacturing base for the US companies, then there is not much to revel or feel happy about. Would these growing economies then really mean anything if they are to continue to grow this way always? The roots have to strike deep, again in the native soil. The Japanese did it by following the Americans, but in the process they lost their nation’s soul. Natural Sakura has become digitized. If the Second World War made Japan a modern nation, much of its glory also got destroyed in the burning fire of the atomic bombs.

 

Then there is a brand of economic theorists led by Amartya Sen who want “distributive justice”. If economic egalitarianism is to be achieved by the power of the State, then that itself becomes a contradiction; in any case, it will be a retrograde step and must not be taken, particularly after having witnessed the Nehru failure. The unjust Market may be undesirable, may be a malaise but the remedy offered will be worse than the disease. “The Hayekian vision is of a Great and Open Society: a society of numberless individuals interacting freely in markets, exchanging goods and services peacefully among themselves. This is a ‘catallaxy’, not a ‘community’. The individuals who engage in market exchanges usually do not even know one another. Amartya Sen never supported Economic Freedom, or Free Trade.”

 

Globalisation and the Planet Earth

The worst is the seriousness of the strident Globalisation, it causing or has already caused destruction of the Planet Earth whose Green House is fast turning into a seared Gloom House. Warnings are there but no concerned nation heeds them. “The result of all this is,” says the New York Time’s columnist Paul Krugman (27 September 2009) “that climate scientists have, en masse, become Cassandras—gifted with the ability to prophesy future disasters, but cursed with the inability to get anyone to believe them. In a rational world, then, the looming climate disaster would be our dominant political and policy concern. But it manifestly isn’t. Why not? But the larger reason we’re ignoring climate change is that Al Gore was right: This truth is just too inconvenient. Responding to climate change with the vigor that the threat deserves would not, contrary to legend, be devastating for the economy as a whole. But it would shuffle the economic deck, hurting some powerful vested interests even as it created new economic opportunities. And the industries of the past have armies of lobbyists in place right now; the industries of the future don’t. Nor is it just a matter of vested interests. It’s also a matter of vested ideas. For three decades the dominant political ideology in America has extolled private enterprise and denigrated government, but climate change is a problem that can only be addressed through government action. And rather than concede the limits of their philosophy, many on the right have chosen to deny that the problem exists.”

 

So here again we have a curious paradox. The Capitalist society which wants least government interference is seeking and recommending government interference to correct itself. The issue before the social thinker is this: Is government machinery the only mechanism for correcting social evils? If it is so, then soon we will have to abandon all our hopes. Strangely enough, that would make bureaucrats wiser than the wise men of the academia. Perhaps it is time to look for alternatives in terms of awakened social responsibilities. To a certain extent this role was played in earlier days by religion, but that religion has become defunct and needs be condemned. Strong and enlightened social institutions perhaps could get started forming to change the system from within than from outside. There have to be inner compulsions and not impositions which never work to any degree of satisfaction. These may be slow in producing results, but could be enduring in terms of gains in the long run. That will also entail hard discipline; but without discipline nothing worthwhile can be achieved. Here could come a helpful recommendation made by Mahatma Gandhi which needs to be examined in the larger context of social development. In a recent message given on the occasion of his birthday on 2 October 2009, Pratibha Patil, the President of India, said that Mahatma Gandhi's idea of all round development was a key to stable and a secure society. For him what mattered most was the way taken, and not so much the goal which will be automatically achieved when one goes on the right path. The discovery of the right path and journeying on it is the transformative key for making meaningful progress.

 

Mahatma Gandhi and Applied Nonviolence

We may recall here what S Radhakrishnan said on Mahatma Gandhi’s 70th birthday, 2 October 1939: “The greatest fact in the story of man on earth is not his material achievements, the empires he has built and broken, but the growth of his soul from age to age in its search for truth and goodness. Those who take part in the adventure of the soul secure an enduring place in the history of human culture. Time has discredited heroes as easily as it has forgotten everyone else; but the saints remain. The greatness of Gandhi is more in his holy living than in his heroic struggles, in his insistence on the creative power of the soul and its life-giving quality at a time when the destructive forces seem to be in the ascendant.”

 

This creative power working on a universal level is true Globalisation.

 

The Mahatma proposed and practised the principle of non-violent action in the collective life of a nation, an approach which he strived to make universal. He was clear about the doctrine of the sword vis-à-vis the doctrine of nonviolence and non-cooperation and did not mix them up. “If India takes up the doctrine of the sword, she may gain momentary victory. Then India will cease to be the pride of my heart. I am wedded to India because I owe my all to her. I believe absolutely that she has a mission for the world. My religion has no geographical limits. If I have a living faith in it, it will transcend my love for India herself. My life is dedicated to service of India through the religion of nonviolence which I believed to be the root of Hinduism.”

 

Apropos of the central teaching of the Gita he says: “When there is no desire for fruit, there is no temptation for untruth or himsā. Take any instance of untruth or violence, and it will be found that at its back was the desire to attain the cherished end... Ahimsa was an accepted and primary duty even before the Gita age. The Gita had to deliver the message of renunciation of fruit.”

 

Even in the face of the atomic weapon he maintained: “It has been suggested by American friends that the atom bomb will bring in Ahimsa as nothing else can. It will, if it is meant that its destructive power will so disgust the world that it will turn it away from violence for the time being.” But can the principle of “Applied Nonviolence” work in a society which has least regard for human values and human civilisation? The simplistic answer would be “Yes”; however the pragmatic course has to work itself out through human foibles and human possibilities.

 

I have a dream

And yet there was another pilgrim of nonviolence, Martin Luther King Jr who, during his student days, read Thoreau's Essay on Civil Disobedience. Later he studied Mahatma Gandhi: “As the days unfolded, I came to see the power of nonviolence more and more. Living through the actual experiences of the protest, nonviolence became more than a method to which I gave intellectual assent; it became a commitment to a way of life.” Martin King would not accept Karl Marx. As a Christian he believed that there is a “creative personal power in this universe who is the ground and essence of all reality—a power that cannot be explained in materialistic terms. History is ultimately guided by spirit, not matter.” He walked a long distance on this dangerous road. He had a dream and one can say that it has come true in a certain sense. Barack Obama not only became President of the US but won a Nobel Prize for his initiative to reduce nuclear arms and pursue the path of diplomacy and cooperation in resolving international issues. That is a landmark event.

 

The Ex-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan asserted: "Nonviolence is the first article of my faith. It is also the last article of my creed." He says that is how Mahatma Gandhi summed up his defense when charged with agitation against the State in 1922. Then, in the context of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, he says: “We in the United Nations will be using a strategy very like your own to bring home the message that human rights are the common language of humanity.”

 

Yet we have to face the realities of life as it presently exists. Today’s civilisation is an urban civilisation, indisputably with more of science and less of religion, and is moving with the urban speed, carrying urban comforts,—as also urban problems and anxieties, born of processed food and processed life, even in a certain way processed mind though we think of our individuality and our freedom. In the entire process the Wealth of Nations has become the handbook of the haves, only to be questioned by the creed of the Welfare State supposedly meant for the have-nots. Modern society is a commercial society. Communist society emphasized “to each according to his needs and from each according to his abilities.” This principle reflects a consideration of individual capacity. Unfortunately, it is defined only in commercial-material terms.

 

Swaraj and social emancipation

For Mahatma Gandhi Swaraj was not just political freedom; it was meant to be real Home-Rule. The votaries of this Rule have to be therefore dedicated to the ideals of life, upholding them in every walk of life. There might be moral-ethical considerations to begin with; but they have to get translated in the form of enlightened culture. In such a formulation there cannot be any room for communal forces, caste divisions, underhand and corrupt dealings, for reservations and priorities and preferences; there cannot be departures from values under the pretext of social face of the new reforms and liberalizations. However, human nature is human nature and the response to the Gandhian ideal has to immediately fight the battle of globalisation promoting gigantic industrialization and gratuitous consumerism. “What India needs, for instance, in its agricultural sector, as Gandhi envisaged in his Constructive Programme, are millions of lok sevaks selflessly devoting themselves, together with the village community, to the singular tasks of tapping the vast reservoir of human power to raise crops which will primarily feed the peasant, his/her family, and the village. In time this will make them self-sufficient and provide gainful employment to all. Creation of democratic cooperatives for managing and allocating human and non-human resources in the spirit of trusteeship is requisite.”

 

But as we start including diverse ethnic and religious collectivities, as information base spreads, there appear difficulties also. While exclusive forms can no longer be justified nor can they be simply wished away. Insistent globalisation meets the fundamentalist challenge. But we have to be also alert about global exploitation and, in the rapacious commercialism, mindful of the ecological devastation that we are causing.

 

Perhaps we may have to evolve altogether new political systems that go beyond the norms of the democracy as are at present understood and practised. There has to be an economic system that does not suppress economic freedom; nor can there be wealth-production as the single aim of life. Naturally, this will require much thinking, planning and new experiments.

 

This is the race which will rule the Sevagram

Gandhiji’s Sevagram was a practical example to demonstrate at the village level a simple and dedicated life that can bring harmony and joy to everyone. One of the small activities he had started was hand spinning hand weaving cloth, khadi; then grew cottage industries. Creation of job opportunities and improvement of economic conditions of masses formed a nucleus of these programmes. The emphasis was “nonviolent reconstruction of the nation’s socio-economic base”.

 

As pointed out by Wikipedia, in AE van Vogt's novel The Weapon Makers ends a story in a deliberately inscrutable phrase; specifically, an extraterrestrial says of the human race, "This is the race which will rule the sevagram." Also, Gregory Benford dedicated his 1987 novel Great Sky River "To Lou Aronica and David Brin two knights of the Sevagram".


One fine example of small scale industry we witness is the story of Lijjat papad, an Indian meal starter started by Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat. Today 45,000 women are part of the women-only co-operative which has an annual turnover of nearly $100m and a flourishing exports account.

 

In the field of education Gyan Shala, among several NGOs, could form an excellent illustration of the Gandhian ideology in action. Its purpose is “to ensure the quality of basic education to the children from poor rural and urban families on par with what is available to high income or elite social groups. This would be ensured through the school based education, as the children do not receive educational support from family or parents, who themselves have not been to school. The education aim in this stage is to enable each participating child to become an independent reader and writer in his/her local language within the first three years of school cycle. Children also attain appropriate level of skill in handling numbers and arithmetic operations and analytical-observation skills that constitute the building blocks of scientific understanding of the physical and social world, and are required for normal life transactions. Gyan Shala made a modest beginning by starting primary school-classes in ten slum locations in Ahmedabad in June 2000. Around 255 classes, covering both the slums and rural areas, were functioning in 2005-2006. This number rose to 300 in 2006-07, and is expected to rise to around 500 in a couple of years. In Gyan Shala design, each group of 500 classes covering around 14000 children would act as a decentralized, self-contained and autonomous education unit, which can be replicated to cover larger number of children without any deterioration in quality or increase in cost.” 

 

There is a silent revolution taking place

These surely are positive and hopeful signs. There is a silent revolution taking place perhaps without our being aware of it, and one can be optimistic about the country’s future. These show that the nation is awake and the fanfare that goes around big matters is only the play of the unscrupulous politicians. The problem however is meshing of the two extremes, the small-scale or cottage industry and the mega-industry on which is all the national and international focus, meshing of rural and urban economies. The action by the government is more or less focused on the latter, and conceivably that is the reason why things have become such a mess there.

 

There are certain spirituo-philosophical leads available in figuring out what that “new” approach could be. In the extreme situation, to the Buddhist it was the relinquishment of the world of suffering and agony, of duhkha, and he did it by stepping into the selfless blank of Nirvana. This certainly is of no avail when it comes to the life that must be lived here in its fullness. Nor can a Mayavadin help us. For him oneness with the passive Brahman is the goal, with the single imperative of getting out of this illusory phenomenal existence. In their extreme negativism both these made room for the habitation of unregenerate forces to take possession of human pursuits. This disownment, of the material mundane humankind, deteriorating itself into tāmasic indolence, finally drove away the spirit of God from the affairs of this world.

 

In fact we have conflicts between the world of the spirit and the world of phenomena; we also have conflicts caused by the various imbalances, of opportunities and capabilities clashing with each other. We have esoteric conflicts, and we have secular conflicts. We speak of clash of civilisations. If one extreme of the first thrived in India, the other of the second was flagrantly and very insensitively adopted by the West.

 

In this context, when we hear Vivekananda’s message, we at once realise that it has a twofold significance. To the West he cried: “Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this divinity within.” To the Indian his one firm exhortation was to break all idols and worship God the Poor, daridrī-nārāyaņa: “…the only God I believe in, the sum-total of all souls,—and above all my God the wicked, my God the miserable, my God the poor of all races, of all species is the special object of my worship.”

 

If we are to see a purpose in the creation then that purpose would seem to be to live, even here, in the joy of God-awareness. Someone said, “Put God in your programme.” True, but please, also, let God have a programme for us—if there is none. Does he have one? In terms of post-human destinies surely there are possibilities. These possibilities will open more and more when our awareness of the intrinsic values of life start coming into focus. Will this happen? This ought to happen. Earth must transform herself and equal Heaven; or Heaven must descend into earth’s mortal state. This is what Sri Aurobindo the Yogi-Seer of Savitri reveals to us.

 

Wisdom-Strength-Harmony-Perfection

Pragmatism or utilitarianism is a fact of existence today; the possibility to widen its scope of action, to bring newer dimensions in its swift operative dynamics, is also an aspect of its broader and ennobling intention. The thetic and the anti-thetic have to meet and join in the synthetic. The division between the secular and the esoteric has to disappear; ‘this’ and ‘that’ must unreservedly merge into its happy oneness. The will of man, his reason, his emotion and sensibility, his deeper and purer intuition, the calm and silent promptings of his soul, and its unobtrusive persuasion, all have to be recognised and given a natural place in the scheme of cosmic functioning. The cry of the Rishi to lead him from falsehood to truth, from darkness to light, from death to immortality, mrityormāmritam gamaya, in such an eventuality acquires another poignancy, a luminous poignancy. It becomes an imploration, to put in Sri Aurobindo’s phrase, for “bringing out the Infinite infinitely into form of being”.

 

That should lead us to understand the nature of a wholesome society which allows different aspects, collective as well as individual, to come together. Perhaps in it is the sense of an organisation that can meet a thousand demands without leading to conflicts. Man is at once a thinker and a warrior and a trader and a worker, the perfectionist of Time. Men might be thinkers or warriors or traders or workers, but all are founded in the inalienable nature of Man, the leader of humanity. The ancients saw in him harmonious expression of the spirit and promoted the social gains in that basic truth. For them the formula was wisdom-strength-harmony-perfection—and what is there in it which we can dispute? Only when that is established is there a possibility of higher powers entering into the scheme of collective life, eastern or western, be it today or tomorrow, as it was in the deep past. Only then the meaning of globalisation in its full psychological contents can be asserted. Evolution of society with all its propensities has to reach this stage. Men have to arrive at Manhood in order to enjoy the gains of globalisation. The hope is, this will happen sooner than later. The hope is such post-human destinies will unfold by conscious awareness of what the manifesting spirit is proposing to do.