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Samkhya philosophy, considered to be the most ancient of all the philosophical schools, was systematized by the great sage Kapila. All of Indian literature has been influenced by this philosophy. The first work of Samkhya, the Samskhya Sutra, is traditionally attributed to Kapila, but in its present form is not his original work. So the Samkhya-karika of Isvarakrsna is actually the earliest available Samkhya text. Among its more well-known commentaries are Gaudapada’s Bhashya, Vachaspati Misra’s Tattvakaumudi, Vijnanabhikshu’s Samskhya Pravacanbhashya and Mathara’s Matharavirtti. Topics traditionally emphasized by Kapila, Isvarakrsna and others are the theory of causation, the concept of Prakrti (the unconscious principle) and Purusha (the conscious principle), the evolution of the world, the concept of liberation and the theory of knowledge. The uniqueness of this system lies in its summing up of all the categories of reality as described in Nyaya and Vaisheshikha into two categories—Purusha and Prakriti—and thereby introducing a dualistic philosophy.

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O thou Goddess, embodied Strength, present in all beings and things,
three times my reverences to thee, my reverence.
O thou Goddess, embodied Peace, present in all beings and things,
three times my reverences to thee, my reverence.
O thou Goddess, embodied Motherhood, present in all beings and things,
three times my reverences to thee, my reverence.

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